How to use Scrapy with Django Application（转自medium）
在meidum上看到一篇很赞的文章...无奈关键部分一律无法加载出来...挂了梯子也不行，很心塞...刚刚突然发现加载出来了...以防之后再次无法访问，所以搬运过来．
There are couple of articles on how to integrate Scrapy into a Django Application (or vice versa?). But most of them don’t cover a full complete example that includes triggering spiders from Django views. Since this is a web application, that must be our main goal.
What do we need ?
Before we start, it is better to specify what we want and how we want it. Check this diagram:
It shows how our app should work
* Client sends a request with a URL to crawl it. (1)
* Django triggets scrapy to run a spider to crawl that URL. (2)
* Django returns a response to tell Client that crawling just started. (3)
* scrapy completes crawling and saves extracted data into database. (4)
* django fetches that data from database and return it to Client. (5)
Looks great and simple so far.
A note on that 5th statement
Django fetches that data from database and return it to Client. (5)
Neither Django nor client don’t know when Scrapy completes crawling. There is a callback method named pipeline_closed, but it belongs to Scrapy project. We can’t return a response from Scrapy pipelines. We use that method only to save extracted data into database.
Well eventually, in somewhere, we have to tell the client :
Hey! Crawling completed and i am sending you crawled data here.
There are two possible ways of this (Please comment if you discover more):
We can either use web sockets to inform client when crawling completed.
Or,
We can start sending requests on every 2 seconds (more? or less ?) from client to check crawling status after we get the "crawling started" response.
Web Socket solution sounds more stable and robust. But it requires a second service running separately and means more configuration. I will skip this option for now. But i would choose web sockets for my production-level applications.
Let’s write some code
It’s time to do some real job. Let’s start by preparing our environment.
Installing Dependencies
Create a virtual environment and activate it:
$ python3.5 -m venv venv
$ source venv/bin/activate
$ pip install django scrapy scrapyd python-scrapyd-api
Scrapyd is a daemon service for running Scrapy spiders. You can discover its details from here.
python-scrapyd-api is a wrapper allows us to talk scrapyd from our Python progam.
Note: I am going to use Python 3.5 for this project
Creating Django Project
Create a django project with an app named main :
$ django-admin startproject iCrawler
$ cd iCrawler && python manage.py startapp main
We also need a model to save our scraped data. Let’s keep it simple:
import json
from django.db import models
from django.utils import timezone
class ScrapyItem(models.Model):
unique_id = models.CharField(max_length=100, null=True)
data = models.TextField() # this stands for our crawled data
date = models.DateTimeField(default=timezone.now)
# This is for basic and custom serialisation to return it to client as a JSON.
@property
def to_dict(self):
data = {
'data': json.loads(self.data),
'date': self.date
}
return data
def __str__(self):
return self.unique_id
Add main app into INSTALLED_APPS in settings.py And as a final step, migrations:
$ python manage.py makemigrations
$ python manage.py migrate
Let’s add a view and url to our main app:
from uuid import uuid4
from urllib.parse import urlparse
from django.core.validators import URLValidator
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from django.views.decorators.http import require_POST, require_http_methods
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import JsonResponse
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
from scrapyd_api import ScrapydAPI
from main.utils import URLUtil
from main.models import ScrapyItem
# connect scrapyd service
scrapyd = ScrapydAPI('http://localhost:6800')
def is_valid_url(url):
validate = URLValidator()
try:
validate(url) # check if url format is valid
except ValidationError:
return False
return True
@csrf_exempt
@require_http_methods(['POST', 'GET']) # only get and post
def crawl(request):
# Post requests are for new crawling tasks
if request.method == 'POST':
url = request.POST.get('url', None) # take url comes from client. (From an input may be?)
if not url:
return JsonResponse({'error': 'Missing args'})
if not is_valid_url(url):
return JsonResponse({'error': 'URL is invalid'})
domain = urlparse(url).netloc # parse the url and extract the domain
unique_id = str(uuid4()) # create a unique ID.
# This is the custom settings for scrapy spider.
# We can send anything we want to use it inside spiders and pipelines.
# I mean, anything
settings = {
'unique_id': unique_id, # unique ID for each record for DB
'USER_AGENT': 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Googlebot/2.1; +http://www.google.com/bot.html)'
}
# Here we schedule a new crawling task from scrapyd.
# Notice that settings is a special argument name.
# But we can pass other arguments, though.
# This returns a ID which belongs and will be belong to this task
# We are goint to use that to check task's status.
task = scrapyd.schedule('default', 'icrawler',
settings=settings, url=url, domain=domain)
return JsonResponse({'task_id': task, 'unique_id': unique_id, 'status': 'started' })
# Get requests are for getting result of a specific crawling task
elif request.method == 'GET':
# We were passed these from past request above. Remember ?
# They were trying to survive in client side.
# Now they are here again, thankfully. <3
# We passed them back to here to check the status of crawling
# And if crawling is completed, we respond back with a crawled data.
task_id = request.GET.get('task_id', None)
unique_id = request.GET.get('unique_id', None)
if not task_id or not unique_id:
return JsonResponse({'error': 'Missing args'})
# Here we check status of crawling that just started a few seconds ago.
# If it is finished, we can query from database and get results
# If it is not finished we can return active status
# Possible results are -> pending, running, finished
status = scrapyd.job_status('default', task_id)
if status == 'finished':
try:
# this is the unique_id that we created even before crawling started.
item = ScrapyItem.objects.get(unique_id=unique_id)
return JsonResponse({'data': item.to_dict['data']})
except Exception as e:
return JsonResponse({'error': str(e)})
else:
return JsonResponse({'status': status})
I tried to document the code as much as i can.
But the main trick is, unique_id. Normally, we save an object to database, then we get its ID. In our case, we are specifying its unique_id before creating it. Once crawling completed and client asks for the crawled data; we can create a query with that unique_id and fetch results.
And an url for this view:
from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls import url,static
from django.views.generic import TemplateView
from main import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^$', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='index.html'), name='home'),
url(r'^api/crawl/', views.crawl, name='crawl'),
]
# This is required for static files while in development mode. (DEBUG=TRUE)
# No, not relevant to scrapy or crawling :)
if settings.DEBUG:
urlpatterns += static.static(settings.STATIC_URL, document_root=settings.STATIC_ROOT)
urlpatterns += static.static(settings.MEDIA_URL, document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)
Creating Scrapy Project\
It is better if we create Scrapy project under (or next to) our Django project. This makes easier to connect them together. So let’s create it under Django project folder:
$ cd iCrawler
$ scrapy startproject scrapy_app
Now we need to create our first spider from inside scrapy_app folder:
$ cd scrapy_app
$ scrapy genspider -t crawl icrawler https://google.com
i name spider as icrawler. You can name it as anything. Look -t crawl part. We specify a base template for our spider. You can see all available templates with:
$ scrapy genspider -l
Available templates:
basic
crawl
csvfeed
xmlfeed
Now we should have a folder structure like this:
Connecting Scrapy to Django
In order to have access Django models from Scrapy, we need to connect them together. Go to settings.py file under scrapy_app/scrapy_app/ and put:
import os
import sys
# DJANGO INTEGRATION
sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath('.')))
# Do not forget the change iCrawler part based on your project name
os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'iCrawler.settings'
# This is required only if Django Version > 1.8
import django
django.setup()
# DJANGO INTEGRATION
## Rest of settings are below ..
That’s it. Now let’s start scrapyd to make sure everything installed and configured properly. Inside scrapy_app/ folder run:
$ scrapyd
This will start scrapyd and generate some outputs. Scrapyd also has a very minimal and simple web console. We don’t need it on production but we can use it to watch active jobs while developing. Once you start the scrapyd go to http://127.0.0.1:6800 and see if it is working.
Configuring Our Scrapy Project
Since this post is not about fundamentals of scrapy, i will skip the part about modifying spiders. You can create your spider with official documentation. I will put my example spider here, though:
class IcrawlerSpider(CrawlSpider):
name = 'icrawler'
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
# We are going to pass these args from our django view.
# To make everything dynamic, we need to override them inside __init__ method
self.url = kwargs.get('url')
self.domain = kwargs.get('domain')
self.start_urls = [self.url]
self.allowed_domains = [self.domain]
IcrawlerSpider.rules = [
Rule(LinkExtractor(unique=True), callback='parse_item'),
]
super(IcrawlerSpider, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def parse_item(self, response):
# You can tweak each crawled page here
# Don't forget to return an object.
i = {}
i['url'] = response.url
return i
Above is icrawler.py file from scrapy_app/scrapy_app/spiders. Attention to __init__ method. It is important. If we want to make a method or property dynamic, we need to define it under __init__ method, so we can pass arguments from Django and use them here.
We also need to create a Item Pipeline for our scrapy project. Pipeline is a class for making actions over scraped items. From documentation:
Typical uses of item pipelines are:
* cleansing HTML data
* validating scraped data (checking that the items contain certain fields)
* checking for duplicates (and dropping them)
* **storing the scraped item in a database**
Yay! Storing the scraped item in a database. Now let’s create one. Actually there is already a file named pipelines.py inside scrapy_project folder. And also that file contains an empty-but-ready pipeline. We just need to modify it a little bit:
from main.models import ScrapyItem
import json
class ScrapyAppPipeline(object):
def __init__(self, unique_id, *args, **kwargs):
self.unique_id = unique_id
self.items = []
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
return cls(
unique_id=crawler.settings.get('unique_id'), # this will be passed from django view
)
def close_spider(self, spider):
# And here we are saving our crawled data with django models.
item = ScrapyItem()
item.unique_id = self.unique_id
item.data = json.dumps(self.items)
item.save()
def process_item(self, item, spider):
self.items.append(item['url'])
return item
And as a final step, we need to enable (uncomment) this pipeline in scrapy settings.py file:
# Configure item pipelines
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
'scrapy_app.pipelines.ScrapyAppPipeline': 300,
}
Don’t forget to restart `scraypd` if it is working.
This scrapy project basically,
* Crawls a website (comes from Django view)
* Extract all URLs from website
* Put them into a list
* Save the list to database over Django models.
And that’s all for the back-end part. Django and Scrapy are both integrated and should be working fine.
Notes on Front-End Part
Well, this part is so subjective. We have tons of options. Personally I have build my front-end with React . The only part that is not subjective is usage of setInterval . Yes, let’s remember our options: web sockets and to send requests to server every X seconds.
To clarify base logic, this is simplified version of my React Component:
class Home extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props)
this.state = {
url: '',
crawlingStatus: null,
data: null,
taskID: null,
uniqueID: null
}
this.statusInterval = 1
}
handleStartButton = (event) => {
if (!this.state.url) return false;
// send a post request to client when form button clicked
// django response back with task_id and unique_id.
// We have created them in views.py file, remember?
$.post('/api/crawl/', { url: this.state.url }, resp => {
if (resp.error) {
alert(resp.error)
return
}
// Update the state with new task and unique id
this.setState({
taskID: resp.task_id,
uniqueID: resp.unique_id,
crawlingStatus: resp.status
}, () => {
// ####################### HERE ########################
// After updating state,
// i start to execute checkCrawlStatus method for every 2 seconds
// Check method's body for more details
// ####################### HERE ########################
this.statusInterval = setInterval(this.checkCrawlStatus, 2000)
});
});
}
componentWillUnmount() {
// i create this.statusInterval inside constructor method
// So clear it anyway on page reloads or
clearInterval(this.statusInterval)
}
checkCrawlStatus = () => {
// this method do only one thing.
// Making a request to server to ask status of crawling job
$.get('/api/crawl/',
{ task_id: this.state.taskID, unique_id: this.state.uniqueID }, resp => {
if (resp.data) {
// If response contains a data array
// That means crawling completed and we have results here
// No need to make more requests.
// Just clear interval
clearInterval(this.statusInterval)
this.setState({
data: resp.data
})
} else if (resp.error) {
// If there is an error
// also no need to keep requesting
// just show it to user
// and clear interval
clearInterval(this.statusInterval)
alert(resp.error)
} else if (resp.status) {
// but response contains a `status` key and no data or error
// that means crawling process is still active and running (or pending)
// don't clear the interval.
this.setState({
crawlingStatus: resp.status
});
}
})
}
render () {
// render componenet
return (<div></div>)
}
}
You can discover the details by comments i added. It is quite simple actually.
Oh, that’s it. It took longer than i expected. Please leave a comment for any kind of feedback.